| | - Vita Vydra --- 6. 11. 2002
Re: dotace: leceni
>opravdu je eko? viz příloha.
>zdraví pavel hrabák
Zajímavé je srovnání třeba s alkoholem
http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ET/ethyl_alcohol.html
nebo s acylpyrinem http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AC/acetylsalicylic_acid.html
:))))).
Ale vážně, překvapilo mne porovnání s amitrazem (viz. dole). Považoval jsem ho za větší
svinstvo...
Díky za nesouhlas!
Vita Vydra
http://web.fsv.cvut.cz/~vydra/
----- Original Message -----
From: Hrabak Pavel <hrabakp/=/aquatest.cz>
E X T O X N E T http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/amitraz.htm
Extension Toxicology Network
Pesticide Information Profiles
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University,
Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at
Davis and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University. Major
support and funding was provided by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon State University
Revised 9/95.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AMITRAZ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRADE OR OTHER NAMES: Product names include Aazdieno, Acarac, Amitraze, Baam, Edrizan,
Mitac, Maitac, Triatox, Triatix, Vapcozin Taktic, Triazid, Topline, Tudy, Ectodex, Garial,
Danicut, Ovidrex, Acadrex, Bumetran, and Ovasyn (223,1).
REGULATORY STATUS: Amitraz is registered for use on pears, cattle, hogs, and cotton (224).
It is not permitted on apples to prevent its residues in processed apples or meat
producing animals which consume apple processing waste (211). Amitraz was a restricted use
pesticide in 1985 because some studies showed it causes cancer in mice. But re-evaluation
of the evidence has led to the current classification of Amitraz as an unrestricted or
General Use Pesticide (GUP) (230). Amitraz is available in an emulsifiable concentrate,
wettable powder, or a pour-on powder.
INTRODUCTION: Amitraz is a triazapentadiene compound, a member of the amidine chemical
family (1). It is an insecticide and acaricide used to control red spider mites, leaf
miners, scale insects, and aphids. On cotton it is used to control bollworms, white fly,
and leaf worms. On animals it is used to control ticks, mites, lice and other animal pests
(207,225).The EPA classifies Amitraz as Class III - slightly toxic. However, products
containing it bear the SIGNAL WORD: CAUTION (224, 230).
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Acute Toxicity: Amitraz is slightly toxic to mammals if ingested orally (226). The dose of
Amitraz that is lethal to half of the test animals that ingest it is called the median
lethal dose, or the LD50. The oral LD50 is 523-800 mg/kg for amitraz in rats (223, 211,
224, 228). The oral LD50 is greater than 1,600 mg/kg for mice. Dermal exposure results in
an LD50 of greater than 1,600 mg/kg for rats and greater than 200 mg/kg for rabbits (1,
224, 22). The Lethal Concentration 50 or LC50 is the concentration of the chemical in air
or water that kills half of the experimental animals exposed to it. The inhalation LC50 (6
hours) of amitraz for rats is 65 mg/l of air. Amitraz is not a skin irritant and does not
sensitize skin (1). Signs of acute amitraz poisoning in male and female rats treated with
440 mg/kg and 365 mg/kg respectively, include coolness to touch, reduced spontaneous
activity, episodes of increased induced activity such as aggression in response to
handling, and signs of general debilitation. Amitraz also may produce a slowly reversible
emaciation in survivors (227).
Chronic Toxicity: In two-year feeding trials, rats who received 50 mg/kg/day in their diet
and dogs who received 0.25 mg/kg/day of amitraz did not show any ill-effects (1).
Reproductive Effects: Doses of 200 mg/kg/day of amitraz for ten weeks decreased fertility
in male and female rats. Female mice treated orally for 5 days with 50 mg/kg/day of
amitraz and then mated showed a slight increase in loss of fetuses and a decrease in the
number of living offspring. When male mice were given 50 mg/kg/day of amitraz orally for 5
days and then mated, the resulting embryos were significantly less likely to grow in the
mother's uterus. Female mice who received 400 mg/kg/day of amitraz in their diet for up to
33 weeks, showed a significant increase in the time they were sexually receptive (227).
The highest dose of amitraz which has no observable effect on the death of unborn rats
(fetotoxic NOEL) is 3 mg/kg/day. The highest dose of amitraz that does not cause an
observable effect in the death of rat embryos (Embryotoxic NOEL) is 5 mg/kg/day (228).
Rats who received 12 mg/kg/day of amitraz from day one of pregnancy until the young were
weaned at 21 days old had a reduced number of young born and alive at day four (227).
Rabbits who received 25 mg/kg/day of amitraz from days 6 to 18 of pregnancy had fewer and
smaller litters (223). Although there have been reproductive effects observed in
laboratory animals at some dose levels, likely human exposures are very much less than
those which produced effects. These effects are unlikely in humans under normal
circumstances.
Teratogenic Effects: In one study, rats treated with 12 mg/kg/day of amitraz from days 8
to 20 of pregnancy, the offspring were heavier but had less bone development than the
offspring of untreated rats (227). However, an EPA study indicates that the highest dose
at which amitraz has no observable effect on test rats' offspring (teratogenic NOEL) is 12
mg/kg/day (228). The teratogenic NOEL of rabbits is 25 mg/kg/day (223). These studies
indicate that high doses of amitraz exposure during pregnancy produced adverse effects in
laboratory animals. Likely human exposures are very much less than those which produced
effects, and these effects are unlikely in humans under normal circumstances.
Mutagenic Effects: A variety of tests indicate that amitraz is not mutagenic and does not
cause damage to DNA (227).
Carcinogenic Effects: Long term feeding studies show that amitraz is not carcinogenic in
rats. However, it can cause tumors in female mice (227). Amitraz causes an increase in
tumors of the lungs and lymph nodes in female mice, but not males, at 57 mg/kg/day over 20
months. A two-year study of female mice also showed an increase in tumors of the liver
(hepatocellular tumors) at 57 mg/kg/day of amitraz (224, 207). Because amitraz causes
cancer in female mice, but not male mice or male or female rats, it is unclassifiable as
to human carcinogenicity (229).
Organ Toxicity: At high doses, amitraz can reduce the function of the hypothalamus, which
helps regulate the metabolism by controlling hormone release in the body (224). A daily
dose of 200 mg of amitraz per kilogram of body weight for ten weeks causes decreased
growth and food consumption (227).
Fate in Humans and Animals: Available data suggest that amitraz, following absorption into
the blood, is not readily absorbed into tissues, and is mostly excreted unchanged via the
urine (1, 224, 227).
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Effects on Birds: Amitraz is slightly toxic to birds. The dietary LC50 (8 day) is 7,000
mg/kg for mallard ducks and 1,800 mg/kg for Japanese quail (1, 226). The oral LD50 for
bobwhite quail is 788 mg/kg (211). Amitraz may affect reproduction in birds. The avian
reproductionNOEL is less than 40 ppm (224).
Effects on Aquatic Organisms: Amitraz is moderately toxic to fish (211, 224, 207). The
LC50 (96-hour exposure) is 1.3 mg/l for bluegill sunfish and 3.2-4.2 mg/l for harlequin
fish. For a 48-hour exposure of rainbow trout, a cold water species, the LC50 is 2.7-4.0
mg/l (1). Daphnia, a fresh water invertebrate, exhibited toxic effects at 35 ppb of
amitraz in water (223).
Effects on Other Animals (Nontarget species): Amitraz is relatively non-toxic to bees
(207, 226). The LD50 is 12 micrograms per bee by ingestion and 3.6 mg/l by direct spraying
(1).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Breakdown of Chemical in Soil: Amitraz is broken down rapidly in soil containing oxygen.
The half-life in soil, the amount of time needed for the chemical to degrade to half its
original concentration, is less than one day. Degradation occurs more rapidly in acidic
soils than in alkaline or neutral soils (1).
Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation: Reports indicate that amitraz may cause crop injury
to young peppers and pears during high temperature conditions (207).
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GUIDELINES: . It is non-corrosive and stable to heat. UV light
seems to have little effect on its stability. Slow decomposition occurs when amitraz is
stored for prolonged periods under moist conditions (1).
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Amitraz is a straw colored crystalline solid and odorless
Chemical Name: N,N'-[(methylimino) dimethylidyne]di-2,4-xylidine
CAS Number: 33089-61-1
Molecular Weight: 221.04
Water Solubility: ca. 1 mg/l (211). Soluble in common organic solvents including acetone,
toluene, and xylene (211)
Solubility in Other Solvents: Not Available
Melting Point: 86-87 degrees C (1)
Vapor Pressure: 0.051 mPa at 20 degrees C (1)
Partition Coefficient: (octanol/water) Kow = 316,000 (1)
Adsorption Coefficient: Not Available
Exposure Guidelines:
ADI: 0.003 mg/kg (human) (224).
MCL: Not Available
RfD: 0.0025 mg/kg/day (229).
PEL: Not Available
NOEL: 0.25 mg/kg/day (dog); 3 mg/kg/day (rat) (229).
HA: Not Available
TLV: Not Available
BASIC MANUFACTURER:
NOR-AM Chemical Company
3509 Silverside Rd.
P.O. Box 7495
Wilmington, DE 19803
Telephone: 302-575-2000
Emergency : Day: 302-995-8632
Night: 302-656-5114
REFERENCES
References for the information in this PIP can be found in Reference List Number 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISCLAIMER: The information in this profile does not in any way replace or supersede the
information on the pesticide product label/ing or other regulatory requirements. Please
refer to the pesticide product label/ing.
|
Odpovědět
do diskuze
na příspěvek
číslo 1963
Zobrazit
odpovědi
na tento
příspěvek
Zobrazit
celé
vlákno |